History of the Early Printed Hebrew Book: Censorship

This is a guide to the History of the Early Printed Hebrew Book. It was copied with permission from the guide at the University of Pennsylvania, created by Bruce E. Nielsen, and updated for Columbia University by Michelle Chesner

Censorship

A critical issue impacting early Hebrew printing was that of censorship, both of the external ecclesiastical sort emanating from Rome, and internal Jewish control stating that no Hebrew book be printed without the authorization of recognized rabbis and lay leaders of the nearest large community.  Included among the studies in this section of the research guide are academic works focusing on the ultimate form of censorship, the auto de fé, or burning of books.

Censorship

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=studbibliobook

  • Baruchson-Arbib, Shifra and Gila Prebor, "Sefer Ha-ziquq" (An Index of Forbidden Hebrew Books):  The Book's use and its influence on Hebrew Printing," La Bibliofilia 109 (2007) 3-31
  • Berliner, Abraham, Censur und confiscation hebräischer Bücher im Kirchenstaate: auf Grund der Inquisitions-Akten in der Vaticana und Vallicellana (Frankfurt a. M., J. Kauffmann, 1891)
  • Biondi, Albano, “Inquisizione ed ebrei a Modena nel Seicento,” pp. 259-73 in, Vita e cultura ebraica nello stato estense : atti del 1 convegno internazionale di studi, Nonantola 15-16-17 maggio 1992 (Bologna:  Fattoadarte, 1993) edd. Euride Fregni and Mauro Perani
  • Burnett, Stephen G., “Hebrew Censorship in Hanau:  A Mirror of Jewish-Christian Coexistence in Seventeenth-Century Germany,” pp. 199-222 in The Expulsion of the Jews:  1492 and After (New York:  Garland, 1994) edd. Raymond B. Waddinton and Arthur H. Williamson
  • Burnett, Stephen G. “The Regulation of Hebrew Printing in Germany, 1555-1630:  Confessional Politics and the Limits of Jewish Toleration,” pp. 329-348 in, Infinite Boundaries:  Order, Disorder, and the Reorder of Early Modern German Culture (Kirksville, Mo. : Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, c1998) ed. Max Reinhart
  • Carmilly-Weinberger, Moshe, Censorship and freedom of expression in Jewish history (New York : Sepher-Hermon Press with Yeshiva University Press, 1977)
  • Castellani, Giuseppe, “Documenti circa la persecuzione dei libri ebraici a Venezia,” La Bibliofilia 7 (1905) 304-307
  • Chazan, Robert, "Christian Condemnation, Censorship, and Exploitation of the Talmud," pp. 53-59 in, Printing the Talmud from Bomberg to Schottenstein (New York : Yeshiva University Museum, 2005) edd. Sharon Liberman Mintz and Gabriel M. Goldstein
  • Cherubini, Laertii, Magnum bullarium Romanum : a B. Leone Magno usque ad S.D.N. Clementem X,  vol. 3, fol. 24 [Clemens VIII Papal Bull, Cum  hebraeorum  militia,  dated February  28,  1593 , prohibiting the possession or reading of the Talmud and kabbalistic works] (Lugduni : Sumptibus Petri Borde, Joannis & Petri Arnaud, 1692-1697)
  • Dall’Olio, Guido, “Libri ebraici e Inquisizione a Bologna (1553-1574),” pp. 83-101 in, La cultura ebraica a Bologna tra medioevo e rinascimento (Firenze :  Giuntina, 2002)  ed. Mauro Perani
  • Dall’Olio, Guido, “Ebrei papi, vescovi e inquisitori a Bologna alla metà del Cinquecento.  Le premesse dell’ espulsione del 1569,” Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-Germanico in Trento 25 (1999) 153-204
  • Fragnito, Gigliola, “The Central and Peripheral Organization of Censorship,” pp. 8-40 in, Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modern Italy (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 2001) ed. Gigliola Fragnito
  • Fragnito, Gigliola, “La censura ecclesiastica in Italia:  volgarizzamenti biblici e letteratura all’Indiice.  Bilancio degli studi e prospettive di ricerca,” pp. 39-56 in, Reading and Censorship in Early Modern Europe (Barcelona, 11-13 de diciembre de 2007) (Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Studia Aurea Monográfica 2], 2010) edd. María José Vega, Julien Weiss & Cesc Esteve
  • Francesconi, Federica, “Jews under Surveillance: Censorship and Reading in Early Modern Italy,” pp. 127-143 in Early Modern Workshop: Resources in Jewish History. EMW 2009: Reading across Cultures:  The Jewish Book and Its Readers in the Early Modern Period
  • Francesconi, Federica, “La censura dei libri ebraici “infetti et perniziosi” nella Modena del Seicento: processi, negoziazioni e discussioni di ebrei e cristiani nei fori dell’Inquisizione,” Archivio Italiano per la Storia della Pietà 26 (2013) 383-407
  • Francesconi, Federica, “‘This Passage can be read differently: ...’ :  How Jews and Christians censored Hebrew texts in Early Modern Modena,” Festschrift in Honor of Professor Kenneth R. Stow, [Jewish History Special Issue 26 (2012) 139-160] ed. J. Berkovitz and J.H. Chajes
  • Goodman, Peter, The Saint as Censor:  Robert Bellarmine Between Inquisition and Index (Leiden :  Brill, 2000)
  • Grendler, Paul F.,  “The Destruction of Hebrew Books in Venice, 1568,” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 45 (1978) 103-30

http://www.jstor.org/stable/3622310?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents [repr. as chapter 12 in, Culture and Censorship in Late Renaissance Italy and France (London:  Variorum, 1981) ed. Paul F. Grendler

  • Grendler, Paul F.,  Roman Inquisition and the Venetian Press:  1540-1605 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977)
  • Hacker, Joseph R., “Sixteenth-century Jewish Internal Censorship of Hebrew Books,” pp.  109-20 and 268-75 in, The Hebrew Book in Early Modern Italy (Philadelphia:  University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) edd. Joseph R. Hacker and Adam Shear
  • Idel, Moshe, “From R. Isaac Sagi Nahor and R. Isaac Luria:  From Hiding to Printing an Esoteric Lore,” Studia Judaica 21 (2014) 5-40
  • Ioly Zorattini, Pier Cesare, “Censura e controllo della stampa ebraica a Venezia nel Cinquecento,” pp.  115-127 in, Manoscritti, frammenti e libri ebraici nell’Italia dei secoli XV-XVI (Roma : Carucci, 1991) edd. Giuliano Tamani and Angelo Vivian
  • Ioly Zorattini, Pier Cesare, “Domenico Gerosolimitano in Venice - Information concerning his conversion to Catholicism and activities as ecclesiastical censor of Hebrew books in late sixteenth-century Italy,” Sefarad 58.1 (1998) 107-115
  • Ioly Zorattini, P.C., "S. Uffizio di Venezia e il controllo della stampa ebraica nella seconda metà del '500" pp. 127-146 in La Censura Libraria nell'Europa del Secolo XVI (Udine : Forum, 1997) ed. Ugo Rozzo
  • Kaufmann, David, “Die Verbrennung der Talmudischen Litteratur in der Republik Venedig,” Jewish Quarterly Review 13 (1901) 533-538
  • Kisch, Guido, "Die Zensur jüdischer Bücher in Böhmen," Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Juden in der Cechoslovakischen Republik  2 (1930) 456-490
  • Kracauer, Isidor, “Actenstücke zur Geschichte der Confiskation der hebräischen Schriften in Frankfurt a. M.,” Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums 44(1900) 114–26, 167–77, 220–34
  • Kracauer, Isidor, “Verzeichniss der von Pfefferkorn 1510 in Frankfurt a. M. confiscierten jüdischen Bücher,” Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums 44 (1900) 320–459
  • Kubátová, Ludmila, “K cenzur hebrejských a židovských knih, tisku a rukopisu v Cechách od poloviny 16. století do poloviny 19. Století,” [The censorship of Hebrew and Jewish books, prints and manuscripts in Bohemia from the 16th century to the mid-19th  Century] Národní knihovna. Knihovnická revue 13.1 (2003), 12-20
  • O'Callaghan, Daniel, The Preservation of Jewish Religious Books in Sixteenth-Century Germany: Johannes Reuchlin's Augenspiegel (Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2013)
  • Offenberg, Adri K., “Alessandro Scipione, ‘Reveditor’ of Hebrew books in Mantua at the end of the sixteenth century,” pp. 141-175 in Boek & Letter:  Boekwetenschappelijke bijdragen ter gelegenheid van het afscheid van prof. dr. Frans A. Janssen (Amsterdam : De Buitenkant, 2004) edd.  J.A.A.M.  Biemans, Lisa Kuitert and Piet Verkruijsse
  • Offenberg, Adri K., “The censorship of Hebrew books in sixteenth-century Italy,” pp. 15-29 in, Against the Law:  Crime, Sharp Practice and the control of print (New Castle, DE : Oak Knoll Press ; London : British Library, 2004) edd. Robin Myers, Michael Harris, and Giles Mandelbrote
  • Parente, Fausto,  “La Chiesa e il Talmud,” pp. 521-634 in, Storia d’Italia, Annali, vol. 11.  Gli ebrei in Italia, vol. 1, Dall’alto Mediovevo all’ eta dei ghetti (Torino:  Giulio Einaudi, 1996) ed. Corrado Vivanti

[A French translation appeared as “L’Église et le Talmud,” in his collected articles, Les juifs et l’Église romaine à l’époque moderne (Paris :  Honore´ Champion, 2007) 233-394

  • Parente, Fausto; tr. by Adrian Belton, “The Index, the Holy Office, the Condemnation of the Talmud and Publication of Clement VIII’s Index,” pp. 163-193 in, Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modern Italy (Cambridge, U.K. ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2001) ed. Gigliola Fragnito
  • Perani, Mauro, “Confisca e censura du libri ebraici a Modena fra cinque e seicento,” pp. 287-320 in, L’inquisizione egli ebrei in Italia (Roma : Laterza, 1994) ed. Michele Luzzati
  • Perani, Mauro, "Confisca e censura di libri ebraici a Modena fra Cinque e Seicento," pp. 287-320 in, L'Inquisizione e gli ebrei in Italia (Rom3 : Laterza, 1994) ed. Michele Luzzati
  • Pilarczyk, Krzysztof, “Zur Zensurfrage der jüdischen Bücher in Polen im 16. und 17,” Jahrhundert, pp. II:346-353 in Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Proceedings of the 6th EAJS Congress, Toledo, July 1988 (Leiden - Boston - Koeln: Brill 1999) edd. Judit Targarona Borras and Angel Saenz-Badillos
  • Pilarczyk, Krzysztof, “Bishop Marcin Szyszkowski and the Printer Tsvi Kalonymos Jaffe of Lublin: On Censorship of Books in the Kraków Diocese in the Seventeenth Century,” [Hebrew] Gal’Ed 18 (2002) 25-40
  • Pilarczyk, Krzysztof, “Spory o druk Talmudu w Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej : z dziejów cenzury w XVI i XVII wieku,” [Disputes about the printing of the Talmud in the First Republic : the history of censorship in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries] pp. 45-61 in, Zydzi i judaizm we wspólczesnych badaniach polskich, T. 2: Materialy konferencyjne, Kraków 24-26 XI 1998 (Krako´w : Polska Akademia Umieje?tnos´ci, Komisja Historii i Kultury Z?ydo´w, 2000) edd. K. Pilarczyk and S. Gasiorowskiego, Kraków  
  • Pilarczyk, Krzysztof, “Zur Zensurfrage des Talmud in Polen im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert,” Studia Judaica 2 (1999) 185-195
  • Popper, William; introd. by Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, The censorship of Hebrew books. [Reprint of the 1899 ed ... with a new introd.] (New York:  Ktav Pub. House, 1969). Popper's work has also been made available as an online spreadsheet by the Footprints project.
  • Porges, Nathan, “Der hebraische Index expurgatorius sefer ha-zikuk,” pp. 273-95 in volume 2, Festschrift zum Siebzigsten Geburtstage A. Berliner's , 2 volumes (Berlin : Bi-defus T. H. Iṭtsḳoṿsḳi, 1903; Frankfurt/M:  J. Kauffmann, 1903) edd. Aron Freimann and Meier Hildesheimer
  • Prebor, Gila, "From Jerusalem to Venice: The Life of Domenico Yerushalmi, His Writings and His Work as a Censor," [Hebrew] Pe'amim 111/112 (2007) 215-242

English translation: "Domenico Yerushalmi: his Life, Writings and Work as a Censor,"  Materia giudaica. Rivista dell'associazione italiana per lo studio de giudaismo XV-XVI (2010-2011) 467-481

  • Prebor, Gila, “Sefer ha Ziquq of Domenico Yerushalmi,” [Hebrew] Italia 18 (2008) 7-296
  • Price, David H., Johannes Reuchlin and the Campaign to Destroy Jewish Books (Oxford :  Oxford University Press, 2010)
  • Price, David H., "Who or what saved the Jewish books?: Johannes Reuchlin's role in the Jewish book pogrom of 1509-1510," Daphnis 39 (2010)479 - 517
  • Price, David H., "'Whether to Confiscate, Burn and Destroy All Jewish Books':, Johannes Reuchlin and the Jewish Book Controversy" pp. 47-54 in Censorship Moments: Reading Texts in the History of Censorship and Freedom of Expression (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014) ed. Geoff Kemp
  • Putík, Alexandr, "The censorship of Hebrew books in Prague 1512-1670 (1672)," pp. 186-213 in Hebrew Printing in Bohemia and Moravia. Academia  (Prague:  Jewish Museum in Prague, 2012)
  • Ravid, Benjamin, “The Prohibition Against Jewish Printing and Publishing in Venice and the Difficulties of Leone Modena,” pp. 135-53 in, Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature (Cambridge, MA:  Harvard University Press, 1979) ed. Isadore Twersky
  • Raz, Amnon, 16הצנזורה הקתולית והספרות העברית במאה ה־ = Censorship as a design : Catholic censorship and Hebrew literature in the 16th century (Jerusalem : ha-Universitah ha-Ivrit, Thesis (M.A.), 1989.)
  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, “Law and censure:  the printing of the Shulkhan Arukh as the commencment of Jewish modernity,” [Hebrew] pp. 306-335 in,  טוב עלם: זיכרון קהילה ומגדר בחברות יהודיות בימי הביניים ובראשית העת החדשה, מאמרים לכבודו של ראובן בונפיל    = Tov Elem:  Memory, Community and Gender in Medieval and Early Modern Jewish Societies.  Essays in honor of Robert Bonfil (Jerusalem:  The Bialik Institute and The Mandel Institute of Jewish Studies, 2011) edd. Elisheva Baumgarten, Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin and Roni Weinstein
  • Raz-Krakozkin, Amnon, "From Safed to Venice: The Shulhan 'Arukh and the Censor," pp. 91 - 115 in Tradition, Heterodoxy and Religious Culture: Judaism and Christianity in the Early Modern Period (Beer-Sheva : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, c2006) edd. Chanita Goodblatt and Howard Kreisel
  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon; tr. by Jackie Feldman, The censor, the editor, and the text : the Catholic Church and the shaping of the Jewish canon in the sixteenth century (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, c2007)

Contesting some of Raz-Krakotzhin’s conclusions: 

Kenneth Stow, in AJS Review 33.1 (2009) 181-85 http://www.jstor.org/journals/03640094.html 

Adam Shear, Renaissance Quarterly 61.3 (2008) 905-07 http://www.jstor.org/journals/00344338.html

  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, הצנזור, העורך והטקסט : הצנזורה הקתולית והדפוס העברי במאה השש עשרה = Censorship, editing and the text : Catholic censorship and Hebrew literature in the sixteenth century (Jerusalem : Hotsa'at sefarim a. sh. Y.L. Magnes, ha-Universitah ha-Ivrit, c2005) Italia. Supplement series ; 2.
  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, “The Censor as a Mediator:  Printing, Censorship and the Shaping of Hebrew Literature,” pp. 35-57 in The Roman Inquisition, the Index and the Jews; Contexts, Sources and Perspectives (Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2004) ed. Stephan Wendehorst
  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, “Persecution and the Art of Printing.  Hebrew Books in Italy in the 1550s,” pp. 97-108 in, Jewish Culture in Early Modern Europe.  Essays in honor of David B. Ruderman (Pittsburgh, PA : University of Pittsburgh Press ; Cincinnati, OH : Hebrew Union College Press, 2014) edd.  Richard I. Cohen, Natalie B. Dohrmann, Adam Shear, and Elchanan Reiner
  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, "Printing, burning and censorship : Hebrew books in Italy in the 1550s," Judaica 66,1 (2010) 1-12
  • Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon, “Burning and Printing: The Hebrew Book during the Counter-Reformation,” [Hebrew] Zmanim 112 (2010) 30-41
  • Reuchlin, Johannes, trans. by Peter Wortsman, Recommendation Whether to Confiscate, Destroy and Burn All Jewish Books (New York :  Paulist Press, 2000)
  • Rostagno, Lucia, "Note su Domenico Gerosolimitano: A proposito del recente saggio di M. Austin PARTE I," Rivista degli studi orientali 76(2002) 231-262
  • Rostagno, Lucia, "Note su Domenico Gerosolimitano: PARTE II," Rivista degli studi orientali 77 (2003) 231-275
  • Sacerdote, Gustave, “Deux Index Expurgatoires de Livres Hébreux,” Revue des études juives 30 (1895) 257-83
  • Sonne, Isaiah, Expurgation of Hebrew books--the work of Jewish scholars : a contribution to the history of the censorship of Hebrew books in Italy in the sixteenth century (New York : New York Public Library, 1943)
  • Stow, Kenneth R., “The Burning of the Talmud in 1553 in Light of Sixteenth Century Catholic Attitudes toward the Talmud,” Bibliotheque d’humanisme et renaissance 34 (1972) 435-459
  • Stow, Kenneth R., Catholic thought and papal Jewry policy, 1555-1593 (New York : Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1977)
  • Strobach, Berndt, "Hebräischer Buchdruck zwischen Hofjuden-Mäzenatentum und christlicher Zensur: Wie die Harzstadt Blankenburg nicht zum jüdischen Publikationsort wurde," Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 60 (2008) 235-252
  • Studemund-Halevy, Michael, “L'imprimerie sefarade a Hambourg et la censure protestante et rabbinique,” Revue des études juives 159 (2000) 485-500
  • Thomanek, Judith, " 'Dies ist die Mishnah des Giuseppe Salvador Ottolenghi.'  Zu Druck, Besitzer, Zensor und Zensur eines hebräischen Buches aus dem 16. Jahrhundert," pp. 93-123 in Zwischen Zensur und Selbstbesinnung.  Christliche Rezeptionen des Judentums (Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, 2009) edd. Christfried Böttrich, Judith Thomanek, Thomas Willi
  • Toaff, Ariel, “Giovanni Antonio Costanzi, Ultimo Censore di Libri ebraici a Roma (1745-1756 ca.),” La Rassegna Mensile di Israel 67 (2001) 203-214
  • Van Boxel, Piet, “Hebrew Books and Censorship in Sixteenth-Century Italy,” pp. 73-99 in Jewish Books and their Readers (Leiden:  Brill, 2016) edd. Scott Mandelbrote and Joanna Weinberg
  • Van Boxel, Piet, “Cardinal Santoro and the Expurgation of Hebrew Literature,” pp. 19-34 in The Roman Inquisition, the Index and the Jews; Contexts, Sources and Perspectives (Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2004) ed. Stephan Wendehorst
  • Van Boxel, Piet, “Robert Bellarmine, Christian Hebraist and Censor,” pp. 251-275 in, History of Scholarship; a selection of papers from the seminar on the history of scholarship held annually at the Warburg Institute (Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2006) edd. Christopher Ligota and Jean-Louis Quantin
  • Van Boxel, Piet, “Robert Bellarmine Reads Rashi: Rabbinic Bible Commentaries and the Burning of the Talmud,” pp. 121-132 in, The Hebrew Book in Early Modern Italy (Philadelphia:  University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) edd. Joseph R. Hacker and Adam Shear
  • Walton, Michael T. and Phyllis J. Walton, "In Defense of the Church Militant: The Censorship of the Rashi Commentary in the Magna Biblia Rabbinica," The Sixteenth Century Journal 21 (1990) 385-400
  • Wendehorst, Stephan, ed., The Roman Inquisition, the Index and the Jews; Contexts, Sources and Perspectives (Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2004.)
  • Wolf, Gershon, “Auto da fé jüdischer Bücher in Prag, 1714,” Hebräische Bibliographie 6 (1863) 35-44
  • Yaari, Abraham, “Burning the Talmud in Italy,” [Hebrew] pp. 198-234 in מחקרי ספר ; פרקים בתולדות הספר העברי = Studies in Hebrew booklore (Jerusalem: Mosad ha-Rav Kook, 1958)